RESEÑA DEL DOCUMENTO DE ARQUIMEDES
Suelo decir a mis
estudiantes que hoy por hoy, no podemos hacer una cuenta sin depender de la calculadora
o la tecnología, pero en el tiempo de los antiguos griegos entre guerras y
pensamientos sobre el universo, entre sangre y crueldad, también
germinaba la semilla de la esperanza en una parte de la naturaleza humana
que impulsaba al hombre a soñar con algo más allá de si mismo, algo más
allá de la codicia y la avaricia que sacudía al mundo sin cesar igual que hoy
en día. La sabiduría florecía en estos grandes titanes de los orígenes de
la ciencia, con el anhelo de entender lo inescrutable y al parecer
perteneciente solo a los dioses que estaban más allá del olimpo. En este
paraíso ensangrentado de la antigua Grecia muchos hombres se cuestionaron
sobre sí mismos y el mundo al que pertenecían, sin poder entenderlo, y así
fueron sus mentes prodigiosas las que empezaron a desentrañar los misterios del
universo a través del lenguaje de los números y las figuras.
Entre estos hombres
milenarios e insuperables sabios, encontramos a Thales de Mileto, Pitágoras,
Eratóstenes, Euclides, entre muchos otros como Diofanto o Pappus. Tal vez
estos colosos de la razón no tenían habilidades diferentes a las nuestras pero
tal vez si algo que el hombre moderno ya no tiene: Curiosidad, tal vez ellos lo
que poseían era una enorme curiosidad, un incesante signo de interrogación y un
gran “¿Por qué?”. Ahora nos encontramos en un mundo de supuesta calidad, normas
y estándares del que ellos eran completamente ajenos, y del que seguramente
hubiesen sido víctimas de una esterilización del libre pensamiento y la
imaginación.
En medio de ese
antiguo mundo griego, germina una de las semillas más proliferas de todos los
tiempos: Arquímedes, a quien parece que el universo mismo le sonríe cada vez
que intenta descubrirlo, y lo descubre dentro de su mente, entre sólidos
inscritos y relaciones de áreas y volúmenes, entre una tina de baño que
anticipa un gran “Eureka”, allí crece uno de las mentes más prodigiosas de
todos los tiempos: El Sabio de Siracusa que no se contentaba solamente con
desentrañar los misterios del universo en el volumen de su mente sino que los
desplegó en la superficie de su tierra, un hombre eminentemente pensador, pero
también práctico e inventor de tecnología provechosa para las necesidades de su
entorno. Con él también muere el esplendor del pensamiento griego a manos de un
imperio representado en un soldado romano, que toma su vida, bajo la más
completa ignorancia de la barbarie cometida contra el último y más ilustre
matemático de la antigua Grecia.
HISTORIA DEL ALGEBRA
El álgebra tuvo sus primeros
avances en las civilizaciones de Babilonia y Egipto, entre el cuarto y tercer
milenio antes de Cristo. Estas civilizaciones usaban primordialmente el álgebra
para resolver ecuaciones de primer y segundo grado.
El álgebra continuó su
constante progreso en la antigua Grecia. Los griegos usaban el álgebra para
expresar ecuaciones y teoremas, un ejemplo es el teorema de pitagoras. Los
matemáticos más destacados en este tiempo fueron Arquímedes, Herón y Diofante.
Arquímedes se basó en las matemáticas en sus tratados de física y geometría del
espacio. Herón fue otro que se basó en ellas para hacer algunos de sus
inventos, como la primera máquina de vapor. Diofante fue el griego que más
contribuyó a esta área del conocimiento, como principales trabajos tenemos al
análisis diofántico y la obra de Las Aritméticas, que recopila todo el
conocimiento del álgebra hasta ese entonces.
Como consecuencia, el
álgebra cambió de rumbo y amplió su dominio a todas las teorías que se habían
inventado alrededor del tema inicial, incorporando las teorías de los grupos
matemáticos y sus extensiones, y parte de la geometría, la rama relacionada con
los polinomios de segundo grado de dos variables, es decir las cónicas elipse,
parábola, hipérbola, círculo, ahora incluidas en el álgebra bilineal.
El álgebra se fundió con
éxito con otras ramas de las matemáticas como la lógica (álgebra de Boole), el
análisis y la topología.
EL DESPERTAR DE LA MATEMÁTICA
Junto con la
curiosidad del hombre en el origen de los tiempos ha crecido también de una u
otra manera el pensamiento matemático y la razón. El hombre se ha apasionado
por entender más allá de las incógnitas planteadas por la realidad, sus
abstracciones. Y en esa locura de la
razón ha hallado también indicios de las leyes que rigen el universo, los negocios,
la sociedad dándole un propósito a su existencia misma. Sin duda la
matemática ha evolucionado de la mano del hombre y en medio de esta evolución:
El álgebra, que evidencia su fuerte relación con la mente humana y su asombrosa
complejidad.
Los egipcios se
constituyen en claro ejemplo, con el uso de los jeroglíficos, de como a los
seres humanos nos es más fácil representar la realidad a través de símbolos que
utilizando la realidad misma, ya que los símbolos podrían ser usados para
representar cualquier cosa y sin importar cual fuere, poder predecir con
exactitud su comportamiento en función del tiempo.
Mientras que los
egipcios alcanzaron logros al representar realidad por medio de pictogramas y
resolver ecuaciones lineales con una incógnita, en Mesopotamia crecia un
álgebra más sofisticada que solucionaba sin mayores dificultades, ecuaciones
cuadráticas que seguramente surgieron de las mediciones de terreno para
la agricultura; es posible que dicha sofisticación tenga una relación
directa con la escritura cuneiforme y el contexto de prosperidad y fertilidad,
que le brindaba su ubicación geográfica, al estar bañado por dos ríos muy
importantes.
Pero en la Antigua
Grecia, la matemática abandonaría su origen basado en las necesidades agrícolas
y técnicas, para abrirse hacía nuevos y mucho mas altos horizontes, tales
como la investigación el pensamiento mismo. Así en la Antigua Grecia, la
matemática, vestida elegantemente de geometría abandona la realidad externa del
hombre, para adentrarse en su imaginación y en las estructuras mismas de su
pensamiento y su razón. La época de los grandes filósofos como Platón y
Aristóteles daría a luz la formalización y teorización de la matemática misma y
su independencia del mundo tangible como una expresión misma de la razón
humana. Y es en este contexto eminentemente reflexivo e introspectivo que
el hombre empieza cuestionar hasta su existencia misma y la de la realidad que
lo rodea. Comenzando por Thales de Mileto podemos observar como el hombre
encuentra patrones de proporcionalidad y como es posible generalizar dichos
patrones a través del famoso Teorema de Thales. Luego encontraremos Pitágoras
tratando de demostrar como la estructura misma de las universo es la matemática
y como evidencia su impresionante perfección, pero se ve impotente y anonadado
de encontrar la imperfección de los números irracionales al que lo llevaría el
teorema que lleva su nombre pero del que no necesariamente tenga su autoría.
Luego nos
encontraremos con Euclides y su álgebra geométrica en donde se establecen
postulados o afirmaciones que recopilan los conocimientos de diferentes
culturas que precedieron a la época alejandrina y que gracias a Euclides fueron
recopiladas. La matemática de Euclides nos revela la razón y la lógica se
compaginan perfectamente con la geometría, influenciando al mundo académico
hasta nuestros días.
Antes de que la
matemática entrase en el profundo letargo de la edad media, surge un matemático
alejandrino que realizó grandes aportes al álgebra, creando una notación
concreta y sencilla para los valores desconocidos de una expresión matemática,
sin depender como Euclides, de la geometría. El álgebra sincopada con su estilo
abreviado y simbólico serviría de base para los matemáticos posteriores a la
edad media y permitiría el desarrollo de la geometría analítica y el cálculo.
En suma los antiguos
matemáticos egipcios, sumerios, griegos, alejandrinos entre muchos otros de
diferentes culturas, algunas de ellas separadas por siglos y milenios por
barreras geográficas, con muchísimas limitaciones pudieron cuestionarse de su
mundo interno y externo, y así en base a la curiosidad contribuyeron a el
desarrollo de las matemáticas mismas, plasmándolas como una huella de sí
mismos, del hombre mismo y de su manera de representar la realidad.
Hoy disfrutamos de muchas cosas que nuestros antepasados no alcanzarían ni a soñar, sus sueños no estaban atados a las normas y estándares del presente, volaban con libertad hacia donde sus cuestionamientos los llevaban y en eso cuestionamientos encontraron pequeños indicios en la búsqueda de la verdad, del entendimiento de sí mismos y del universo en el que estaban inmersos. Sin duda estos grandes hombres constituyen un ejemplo para todos de perseverancia y de lo que podemos lograr si nos atrevemos a soñar sin temer a fracasar.
I often tell my students that today, we can not make an account without relying on the calculator or technology, but at the time of the ancient Greeks interwar and thoughts about the universe, between blood and cruelty, also germinated seed hope in a part of human nature that drove the man to dream of something beyond itself, something beyond greed and avarice that shook the world ceaselessly like today. Wisdom flourished in these titans of the origins of science, with the desire to understand the inscrutable and apparently belonging only to the gods of Olympus were beyond. In this bloody paradise of ancient Greece many men were questioned about themselves and the world they belonged, unable to understand it, and so were his prodigious minds that began to unravel the mysteries of the universe through the language of numbers and shapes.
Among these ancient wise men and insurmountable, Thales of Miletus find Pythagoras, Eratosthenes, Euclid, among many others like Diophantus and Pappus. Perhaps these giants of reason were not different skills to ours but maybe if something that modern man no longer has: Curiosity, maybe they possessed was an enormous curiosity, a relentless question mark and a big " Why?". Now we are in a world of alleged quality norms and standards that they were completely unrelated, and that surely had been victims of sterilization of free thought and imagination.
Amid the ancient Greek world , germinates one of the most prolific seeds of all time : Archimedes , who seems the universe itself smiles whenever he tries to find out, and finds out in his mind , between solid enrolled and relationships areas and volumes , including a bathtub that anticipates a big " Eureka " , there grows one of the most prodigious minds of all time: the Sage of Syracuse that was not content only to unravel the mysteries of the universe in volume his mind but deployed them on the surface of his land , an eminently thinking man , but also practical and inventor of useful technology to the needs of your environment. With him also died the splendor of Greek thought at the hands of an empire represented by a Roman soldier, who takes his life under complete ignorance of barbarism committed against the last and most famous mathematician of ancient Greece
Algebra had its first progress in the civilizations of Babylon and Egypt, between the fourth and third millennia BC. These civilizations used primarily algebra to solve equations of first and second degree.
Algebra continued its steady progress in ancient Greece. The Greeks used to express algebra equations and theorems, an example is the Pythagorean theorem. The most prominent mathematicians at this time were Archimedes, Heron and Diophantus. Archimedes was based on mathematics in his treatises on physics and geometry of space. Heron was another who relied on them to make some of his inventions, like the first steam engine. Greek Diophantus was the largest contributor to this area of knowledge as the main works have diofántico work of analysis and arithmetic, which collects all the knowledge of algebra until then.
As a result, algebra changed course and extended its dominion to all the theories that had been invented around the opening theme, incorporating the theories of mathematical groups and their extensions, and part of the geometry, the branch related polynomials second degree of two variables, ie conic ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, circle, now included in the bilinear algebra.
Algebra merged successfully with other branches of mathematics and logic (Boolean algebra), analysis and topology.
THE AWAKENING OF MATHEMATICS
Along with the curiosity of man in the beginning of time it has also grown in one way or another mathematical thought and reason. The man has been passionate about understanding beyond the questions posed by reality, his abstractions. And in the madness of reason it has also found evidence of the laws governing the universe, business, society giving a purpose to their existence. Undoubtedly mathematics has evolved from the hand of man and in the midst of this evolution: Algebra, which demonstrates its strong relationship with the human mind and its amazing complexity.
The Egyptians constitute clear example, with the use of hieroglyphs, of how humans it is easier to represent reality through symbols using the same reality as the symbols could be used to represent anything and no matter what it may, to accurately predict their behavior as a function of time.
While the Egyptians reached achievements in representing reality by means of pictograms and solve linear equations with one unknown in Mesopotamia grew more sophisticated algebra solved without major difficulties, quadratic equations that probably arose from measurements of land for agriculture; sophistication that may have a direct relationship with cuneiform writing and the context of prosperity and fertility, that provided its geographical location, being bathed by two major rivers.
But in ancient Greece, mathematical abandon its origin based on agricultural and technical needs was to open new horizons much higher, such as research thought itself. So in ancient Greece, mathematics, geometry elegantly dressed leaves the external reality of man, to delve into his imagination and in the very structures of thought and reason. The era of the great philosophers like Plato and Aristotle would bear the formalization and theorizing of mathematics itself and its independence from the tangible world as one expression of human reason. It is in this context eminently thoughtful and introspective man begins to question their very existence and the reality around him. Thales of Miletus beginning we can see how man finds patterns and proportionality as possible to generalize these patterns through the famous theorem of Thales. Then find Pythagoras trying to show how the structure of the universe is mathematical and as evidenced by their impressive perfection, but is powerless and overwhelmed to find the imperfection of irrational numbers that would take the theorem that bears his name but which not necessarily have his own.
Then we will Euclid and geometric algebra where established principles or statements that gather knowledge of different cultures that preceded the Alexandrian period and thanks to Euclid were collected. The mathematics of Euclid reveals the reason and logic dovetail perfectly with the geometry, influencing the academic world to this day.
Before the mathematics come into the deep slumber of the Middle Ages, an Alexandrian mathematician who made major contributions to algebra, creating a concrete and simple notation for the unknown values of a mathematical expression, without relying as Euclid, geometry arises. Syncopated algebra with its short and symbolic style serve as a basis for subsequent mathematical average age and allow the development of analytic geometry and calculus.
In sum ancient Egyptian mathematicians, Sumerians, Greeks, Alexandrian among many others from different cultures, some of them separated by centuries and millennia by geographical barriers, with many limitations could question their internal and external world, and thus based on curiosity They contributed to the development of mathematics itself, translating them as a trace of themselves, the man himself and his way of representing reality.
Today we enjoy many things that our ancestors did not reach even dream, dreams were not tied to the norms and standards of this, they flew freely to where their questions carried them and that questions found little evidence in the search for truth, understanding of themselves and the universe in which they were immersed. No doubt these great men are an example for all of perseverance and what we can achieve if we dare to dream without fear of failure.
Hoy disfrutamos de muchas cosas que nuestros antepasados no alcanzarían ni a soñar, sus sueños no estaban atados a las normas y estándares del presente, volaban con libertad hacia donde sus cuestionamientos los llevaban y en eso cuestionamientos encontraron pequeños indicios en la búsqueda de la verdad, del entendimiento de sí mismos y del universo en el que estaban inmersos. Sin duda estos grandes hombres constituyen un ejemplo para todos de perseverancia y de lo que podemos lograr si nos atrevemos a soñar sin temer a fracasar.
DOCUMENT REVIEW ARQUIMEDES
Among these ancient wise men and insurmountable, Thales of Miletus find Pythagoras, Eratosthenes, Euclid, among many others like Diophantus and Pappus. Perhaps these giants of reason were not different skills to ours but maybe if something that modern man no longer has: Curiosity, maybe they possessed was an enormous curiosity, a relentless question mark and a big " Why?". Now we are in a world of alleged quality norms and standards that they were completely unrelated, and that surely had been victims of sterilization of free thought and imagination.
Amid the ancient Greek world , germinates one of the most prolific seeds of all time : Archimedes , who seems the universe itself smiles whenever he tries to find out, and finds out in his mind , between solid enrolled and relationships areas and volumes , including a bathtub that anticipates a big " Eureka " , there grows one of the most prodigious minds of all time: the Sage of Syracuse that was not content only to unravel the mysteries of the universe in volume his mind but deployed them on the surface of his land , an eminently thinking man , but also practical and inventor of useful technology to the needs of your environment. With him also died the splendor of Greek thought at the hands of an empire represented by a Roman soldier, who takes his life under complete ignorance of barbarism committed against the last and most famous mathematician of ancient Greece
HISTORY OF ALGEBRA
Algebra had its first progress in the civilizations of Babylon and Egypt, between the fourth and third millennia BC. These civilizations used primarily algebra to solve equations of first and second degree.
Algebra continued its steady progress in ancient Greece. The Greeks used to express algebra equations and theorems, an example is the Pythagorean theorem. The most prominent mathematicians at this time were Archimedes, Heron and Diophantus. Archimedes was based on mathematics in his treatises on physics and geometry of space. Heron was another who relied on them to make some of his inventions, like the first steam engine. Greek Diophantus was the largest contributor to this area of knowledge as the main works have diofántico work of analysis and arithmetic, which collects all the knowledge of algebra until then.
As a result, algebra changed course and extended its dominion to all the theories that had been invented around the opening theme, incorporating the theories of mathematical groups and their extensions, and part of the geometry, the branch related polynomials second degree of two variables, ie conic ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, circle, now included in the bilinear algebra.
Algebra merged successfully with other branches of mathematics and logic (Boolean algebra), analysis and topology.
THE AWAKENING OF MATHEMATICS
Along with the curiosity of man in the beginning of time it has also grown in one way or another mathematical thought and reason. The man has been passionate about understanding beyond the questions posed by reality, his abstractions. And in the madness of reason it has also found evidence of the laws governing the universe, business, society giving a purpose to their existence. Undoubtedly mathematics has evolved from the hand of man and in the midst of this evolution: Algebra, which demonstrates its strong relationship with the human mind and its amazing complexity.
The Egyptians constitute clear example, with the use of hieroglyphs, of how humans it is easier to represent reality through symbols using the same reality as the symbols could be used to represent anything and no matter what it may, to accurately predict their behavior as a function of time.
While the Egyptians reached achievements in representing reality by means of pictograms and solve linear equations with one unknown in Mesopotamia grew more sophisticated algebra solved without major difficulties, quadratic equations that probably arose from measurements of land for agriculture; sophistication that may have a direct relationship with cuneiform writing and the context of prosperity and fertility, that provided its geographical location, being bathed by two major rivers.
But in ancient Greece, mathematical abandon its origin based on agricultural and technical needs was to open new horizons much higher, such as research thought itself. So in ancient Greece, mathematics, geometry elegantly dressed leaves the external reality of man, to delve into his imagination and in the very structures of thought and reason. The era of the great philosophers like Plato and Aristotle would bear the formalization and theorizing of mathematics itself and its independence from the tangible world as one expression of human reason. It is in this context eminently thoughtful and introspective man begins to question their very existence and the reality around him. Thales of Miletus beginning we can see how man finds patterns and proportionality as possible to generalize these patterns through the famous theorem of Thales. Then find Pythagoras trying to show how the structure of the universe is mathematical and as evidenced by their impressive perfection, but is powerless and overwhelmed to find the imperfection of irrational numbers that would take the theorem that bears his name but which not necessarily have his own.
Then we will Euclid and geometric algebra where established principles or statements that gather knowledge of different cultures that preceded the Alexandrian period and thanks to Euclid were collected. The mathematics of Euclid reveals the reason and logic dovetail perfectly with the geometry, influencing the academic world to this day.
Before the mathematics come into the deep slumber of the Middle Ages, an Alexandrian mathematician who made major contributions to algebra, creating a concrete and simple notation for the unknown values of a mathematical expression, without relying as Euclid, geometry arises. Syncopated algebra with its short and symbolic style serve as a basis for subsequent mathematical average age and allow the development of analytic geometry and calculus.
In sum ancient Egyptian mathematicians, Sumerians, Greeks, Alexandrian among many others from different cultures, some of them separated by centuries and millennia by geographical barriers, with many limitations could question their internal and external world, and thus based on curiosity They contributed to the development of mathematics itself, translating them as a trace of themselves, the man himself and his way of representing reality.
Today we enjoy many things that our ancestors did not reach even dream, dreams were not tied to the norms and standards of this, they flew freely to where their questions carried them and that questions found little evidence in the search for truth, understanding of themselves and the universe in which they were immersed. No doubt these great men are an example for all of perseverance and what we can achieve if we dare to dream without fear of failure.
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